Policy

http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;These groups have differing approaches to the
charset=utf-8">concept of global warming, although they are all
INTRODUCTION:involved in the monitoring and evaluation of climatic
In general, terms a policy is a plan of action that ischanges.
created in order to guide the decision making processThe European environmental agency has advocated
and achieve rational goals/outcomes. Policies are infor the following measures in trying to curb climatic
both the public and private sector.change. Firstly, the measures are advocated for
In this analysis, we shall take a government policy todepending on available technology and in pursuit of
be “whatever governments choose to do or notthe attainment of the Kyoto protocol goals.
to do” (dye, 1976). As thus, we shouldThe conservation and efficient use of energy- this
differentiate policies from laws since policies arebroad field will encompass the following:
supposed to guide the process of achieving rationalEfficient vehicles — the increased use of Fuel
objectives.economy can easily be done without affecting the
Public policies are for various reasons and as a result,utilities of passengers.
they have different outcomes. The implementationReduced uses of vehicles — personal motor
of any policy usually results in either intended andvehicles are always part of the pollutants. Through
unintended effects or impacts. Since Policies areImproved, urban design and structures passengers
structured to avoid some negative effect or tomay be motivated to use commercial rather than
cause some positive developments, the way theyprivate means of transportation.
are implemented determines their effectiveness.Efficient buildings — the construction of
To achieve these goals a policy drafter needs toimproved ultra-modern buildings and appliances can
have publicly accepted legitimacy. In addition, thecut emissions by 25% especially if they rely heavily
process of designing policies should be wellon solar light for daily internal lighting.
institutionalized, in order for it to be more acceptableFuel Shift:
to the public. The implementation of public policiesTechnological shift from coal dependence to natural
may have negative effects on certain people withingas usage can achieve momentous reductions. In
the society. This results in the infringement of theaddition to this, an emergence of new technologies
personal liberties and or freedom. To avoid thethat are more effective and efficient in trapping and
deliberate violation of personal liberties, the policystoring carbon dioxide from coalmines, these could be
makers should exercise institutional responsibility inused to reduce emissions. Additionally the use of
dealing with the public.Nuclear Power is increasingly becoming common. The
Government policies may be classified on various lines.problem with the increased use of nuclear energy
There are those that are environmentally based,brings out some other environmental concerns.
national defense based amongst others.On the other side of the table, other organizations
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DYE'Slike the environmentalists for nuclear energy have a
INSTITUTIONALISM MODEL AND PRESIDENTdifferent opinion on this matter. Irrespective of the
BUSH'S “RESPONSE TO TERRORISM"three miles island nuclear incident and the Chernobyl
Institutionalism as a concept in international relationsdisaster, this group still advocates for increased use
and diplomacy in particular, according to dye stipulatesof nuclear power although there is the bigger problem
that the international system is not anarchic inof disposal of nuclear waste.
practice. However, it has an implicit and or explicitBY SELECTING ONE OF THE MILITARY MISSIONS
structure that determines how states and otherOUTLINED ON PAGE 304 OF THE DYE TEXT,
actors relate on an international scale. Thus, theseDISCUSS THE STATEMENT THAT "WAR IS A
institutions or regimes determine the nature of theCONTINUATION OF POLITICS BY OTHER MEANS"
international arena. In contrast to this, the powers(KARL VON CLAUSEWITZ).
granted to certain individuals may counter theirPolitics since the inception of the Greek city-states
effectiveness. This for example can be compared tocenturies ago has always been characterized by
the nature of president bush’s response towars. Many peace treaties that were signed from
terrorism. The bush administration has overlooked theages ago to those that our governments sign today
role of some national and international bodies andare almost all because of war. Many political scholars
instead chosen more of a presidential thanand writers have argued that there is no peace
governmental path.without war. Look for example at the treaty of
In his approach bush has claimed that IslamicVersailles, it has been able to mitigate a third world
fundamentalism is different from Islam as a religionwar for a long time now yet it was signed during the
itself.time of war.
Thus bush has chosen to firstly make preemptiveWhen countries engage in gunboat diplomacy in
attacks on suspected terrorists before they canessence, what the states tell us is that war is still
attack e.g. earlier this year in Somalia. Secondly hepart of politics. It is surprising to note that the
has made it known that he is against the acquisitiondocket of diplomacy, foreign affairs and international
of weapons of mass destruction to rebels, outlawedrelations is usually left to the presidents or prime
regimes or any other organized crime group. Inministers. Surprisingly these same fellows are usually
addition he has made it known that he is against thethe heads of the military in their specific countries.
provision of safe havens to any terrorist group. TheAdditionally war is declared against certain countries,
president has also made it known that he is againstwhich violate the terms of the United Nations charter.
the idea of terrorists taking control of any state. ThisIn such cases, the declaration of war is always as a
is to deny them basis for launching attacks.means of continuing politics. Some of these major
The approach that the president has taken isdeployments in pursuit of United Nations resolutions
different from the institutionalism model suggestedinclude the following. Firstly, the United States military
by scholars like Thomas dye.was deployed in the Korean peninsula after North
SELECT ONE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ISSUE ANDKorea invaded its southern counterpart. This
BRIEFLY OUTLINE THE POSITION OF EACH OFdeployment saw an active force averaging around
TWO OF THE ORGANIZED ENVIRONMENTAL300000 during the entire period of the involvement
INTEREST GROUPS ON THIS ISSUE.from 1950 to 1953. The deployment led to the
Global warming (climatic change)declaration of a demilitarized zone on the border of
Global warming or the sustained average increase inthe two states.
global temperatures is viewed to be one of the mostThe second major deployment of United States
dangerous and risky issues in environmentaltroops under the mandate of the United Nations
management. Issues of global warming or climaticSecurity Council mandates was during the gulf war.
changes may be caused or be because of any of theDuring this time, the American forces led a coalition
following: solar radiation, the earths orbit, greenhouseof United Nations backed force in operation desert
gas concentrations, the process of glaciation’sshield and operation desert storm. This involvement is
amongst others. These can be easily classified asjustified since it was intended to protect not only
climatic and non-climatic factors. There are manyKuwait sovereignty but also to protect the interests
environmental agencies involved in matters of globalof Iraqis Kurdistan minority ethnic group.
warming. These groups include the EuropeanReference:
environmental agency, the commission forDye, Thomas, Understanding Public Policy, 10th ed,
environmental cooperation, as well as thePrentice-Hall, 2002.
environmentalists for nuclear energy.